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Dr. ir. Ruud Custers

Associate Professor 
Social and Behavioural Sciences
Psychology
Social, Health and Organisational Psychology
Social, Health and Organisational Psychology
Martinus J. Langeveldgebouw
Heidelberglaan 1
Kamer G1.04
3584 CS Utrecht

Dr. ir. Ruud Custers

Associate Professor
Social, Health and Organisational Psychology
+31 30 253 8996
r.custers@uu.nl
Profile Publications Activities Teaching Contact
Profile Publications Activities Teaching Contact
Areas of expertise
Skills
Research areas

Publications

2025

Scholarly publications

Custers, R., Baruch, E., & Higgins, E. T. (2025). The Unboxing has Already Begun: One Motivation Construct at a Time. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 48, Article e29. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X24000554

2024

Scholarly publications

Custers, R. (2024). The Homunculus in the Room: A Reply to Kunde and Janczyk (2024) and Hommel and Eder (2024). Motivation Science, 10(4), 403-406. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000377
Qin, K., Marien, H., Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2024). How the environment evokes actions that lead to different goals: the role of object multi-functionality in pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer. Current Psychology, 43(4), 3700–3713. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04612-2
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/437977/s12144-023-04612-2.pdf?sequence=1

2023

Scholarly publications

Qin, K., Marien, H., Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2023). From Action Initiation to Persistence: A Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer Analysis for Cue-Based Goal Pursuit. Motivation Science, 9(3), 255-260. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000298
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/435740/From_Action_Initiation_to_Persistence_A_Pavlovian-to-Instrumental_Transfer_Analysis_for_Cue-Based_Goal_Pursuit.pdf?sequence=1
Custers, R. (2023). Thoughts About Actions and Outcomes: (And What They Lead to). Motivation Science, 9(4), 261-271. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000306
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/435729/Thoughts_About_Actions_and_Outcomes_And_What_They_Lead_to_.pdf?sequence=1
Harris, C. A., Custers, R., Fiedler, K. (Ed.), Juslin, P. (Ed.), & Denrell, J. (Ed.) (2023). Biased Preferences through Exploitation. In K. Fiedler, P. Juslin, & J. Denrell (Eds.), Sampling in Judgment and Decision Making (pp. 207-221). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009002042.012
Qin, K., Marien, H., Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2023). Environmental control of social goals: Using Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer to test cue-based pro-self and pro-social outcome responses. Royal Society Open Science, 10(1), Article 220660. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.220660
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/431216/rsos.220660_1_.pdf?sequence=1
Harris, C. A., Aarts, H., Fiedler, K., & Custers, R. (2023). Missing out by pursuing rewarding outcomes: Why initial biases can lead to persistent suboptimal choices. Motivation Science, 9(4), 288–297. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000302
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/434229/Missing_Out_by_Pursuing_Rewarding_Outcomes_Why_Initial_Biases_Can_Lead_to_Persistent_Suboptimal_Choices.pdf?sequence=1

2022

Scholarly publications

Sun, D., Custers, R., Marien, H., Liefooghe, B., & Aarts, H. (2022). Examining mechanistic explanations for Ideomotor effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 48(5), 458-466. https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000994

2021

Scholarly publications

Antusch, S., Custers, R., Marien, H., & Aarts, H. (2021). Intentional action and limitation of personal autonomy. Do restrictions of action selection decrease the sense of agency? Consciousness and Cognition, 88, 1-13. Article 103076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2021.103076
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/416326/1_s2.0_S1053810021000027_main.pdf?sequence=1
Antusch, S., Custers, R., Marien, H., & Aarts, H. (2021). Studying the sense of agency in the absence of motor movement: an investigation into temporal binding of tactile sensations and auditory effects. Experimental Brain Research, 239(6), 1795-1806. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-021-06087-8
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/416325/Antusch2021_Article_StudyingTheSenseOfAgencyInTheA.pdf?sequence=1
Qin, K., Marien, H., Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2021). Environmental control of human goal pursuit: Investigating cue-based forced responses in a Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer paradigm. Motivation Science, 7(3), 281-290. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000219
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/416050/Environmental_Control_of_Human_Goal_Pursuit_Investigating_Cue_Based_Forced_Responses_in_a_Pavlovian_to_Instrumental_Transfer_Paradigm.pdf?sequence=1
Karsh, N., Haklay, I., Raijman, N., Lampel, A., & Custers, R. (2021). Control Alters Risk-Taking: The Motivating Impact of Action-Effectiveness in Different Risk Contexts. Motivation Science, 7(4), 475-486. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000244
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/416049/Control_Alters_Risk_Taking_The_Motivating_Impact_of_Action_Effectiveness_in_Different_Risk_Contexts.pdf?sequence=1

2020

Scholarly publications

Pilditch, T. D., Madsen, J. K., & Custers, R. (2020). False prophets and Cassandra's curse: The role of credibility in belief updating. Acta Psychologica, 202, Article 102956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.102956
https://research-portal.uu.nl/ws/files/235527716/1-s2.0-S0001691819300952-main.pdf
Karsh, N., Hemed, E., Nafcha, O., Elkayam, S. B., Custers, R., & Eitam, B. (2020). The Differential Impact of a Response’s Effectiveness and its Monetary Value on Response-Selection. Scientific Reports, 10(1), Article 3405. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60385-9
https://research-portal.uu.nl/ws/files/234736774/s41598-020-60385-9.pdf
Magis-Weinberg, L., Custers, R., & Dumontheil, I. (2020). Sustained and transient processes in event-based prospective memory in adolescence and adulthood. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 32(10), 1924-1945. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01604
https://research-portal.uu.nl/ws/files/235527782/jocn_a_01604.pdf
Harris, C. A., Fiedler, K., Marien, H., & Custers, R. (2020). Biased Preferences Through Exploitation: How Initial Biases Are Consolidated in Reward-Rich Environments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 10(149), 1855–1877. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000754
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/408209/00004785_202010000_00003.pdf?sequence=1
Sun, D., Custers, R., Marien, H., & Aarts, H. (2020). Ideomotor Action: Evidence for Automaticity in Learning, but Not Execution. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 185. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00185
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/396880/fpsyg_11_00185.pdf?sequence=1
Antusch, S., Custers, R., Marien, H., & Aarts, H. (2020). Intentionality and temporal binding: Do causality beliefs increase the perceived temporal attraction between events? Consciousness and Cognition, 77, Article 102835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2019.102835
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/389160/Intentionality_and_temporal_binding.pdf?sequence=1

2019

Scholarly publications

Magis-Weinberg, L., Custers, R., & Dumontheil, I. (2019). Rewards Enhance Proactive and Reactive Control in Adolescence and Adulthood. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 14(11), 1219-1232. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsz093
https://research-portal.uu.nl/ws/files/245920762/nsz093.pdf
Custers, R., Vermeent, S., & Aarts, H. (2019). Does Goal Pursuit Require Conscious Awareness? In R. M. Ryan (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation (2nd ed., pp. 268-284). (The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190666453.013.15
https://research-portal.uu.nl/ws/files/235530577/212915968.pdf
Dogge, M., Hofman, D., Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2019). Exploring the role of motor and non-motor predictive mechanisms in sensory attenuation: Perceptual and neurophysiological findings. Neuropsychologia, 124, 216-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.12.007
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/387448/1_s2.0_S0028393218304160_main.pdf?sequence=1
Dogge, M., Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2019). Moving Forward: On the Limits of Motor-Based Forward Models. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 23(9), 743-753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2019.06.008
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/387447/1_s2.0_S1364661319301603_main.pdf?sequence=1
Dogge, M., Custers, R., Gayet, S., Hoijtink, H., & Aarts, H. (2019). Perception of action-outcomes is shaped by life-long and contextual expectations. Scientific Reports, 9(1), Article 5225. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41090-8
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/407770/s41598_019_41090_8.pdf?sequence=1
Marien, H., Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2019). Studying Human Habits in Societal Context: Examining Support for a Basic Stimulus–Response Mechanism. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2019, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419868211
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/386190/0963721419868211.pdf?sequence=1
Antusch, S., Aarts, H., & Custers, R. (2019). The Role of Intentional Strength in Shaping the Sense of Agency. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 1124. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01124
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/380679/fpsyg_10_01124.pdf?sequence=1

2018

Scholarly publications

Marien, H., Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2018). Understanding the Formation of Human Habits: An Analysis of Mechanisms of Habitual Behaviour. In B. Verplanken (Ed.), The psychology of habit (pp. 51-69). Springer.
Pilditch, D., & Custers, R. (2018). Communicated beliefs about action-outcomes: The role of initial confirmation in the adoption and maintenance of unsupported beliefs. Acta Psychologica, 184, 46-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.04.006
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/372341/1_s2.0_S0001691816303717_main.pdf?sequence=1
Dogge, M., Gayet, S., Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2018). The influence of action-effect anticipation on bistable perception: differences between onset rivalry and ambiguous motion. Neuroscience of Consciousness, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/nc/niy004
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/372569/niy004.pdf?sequence=1

2016

Scholarly publications

Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2016). Unconscious Motivation. In H. R. Miller (Ed.), The SAGE Encyclopaedia of Theory in Psychology (pp. 946-948). SAGE Publications Ltd.

2015

Scholarly publications

Marien, H., Aarts, H., & Custers, R. (2015). How goals control behavior: The role of action-outcome and reward information. In Motivation and cognitive control (pp. 145-163)
Marien, H., Aarts, H., & Custers, R. (2015). The interactive role of action-outcome learning and positive affective information in motivating human goal-directed behavior. Motivation Science, 1(3), 165-183. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000021
Chaillou, A. C., Giersch, A., Bonnefond, A., Custers, R., & Capa, R. L. (2015). Influence of positive subliminal and supraliminal affective cues on goal pursuit in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 161(2-3), 291-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.10.052
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/329929/1_s2.0_S0920996414006495_main.pdf?sequence=1

Other output

Custers, R. (2015). How communicated beliefs can lead to erroneous action-outcome learning. Paper presented at Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation Conference, Tunisia.
Custers, R. (2015). The role of intrinsic value and task demands in reward priming. Paper presented at APS, New York, United States.

2014

Scholarly publications

Braver, T. S., Krug, M. K., Chiew, K. S., Kool, W., Andrew Westbrook, J., Clement, N. J., Alison Adcock, R., Barch, D. M., Botvinick, M. M., Carver, C. S., Cools, R., Custers, R., Dickinson, A., Dweck, C. S., Fishbach, A., Gollwitzer, P. M., Hess, T. M., Isaacowitz, D. M., Mather, M., ... Somerville, L. H. (2014). Mechanisms of motivation-cognition interaction: Challenges and opportunities. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 14(2), 443-472. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-014-0300-0
Pas, P., Custers, R., Bijleveld, E., & Vink, M. (2014). Effort responses to suboptimal reward cues are related to striatal dopaminergic functioning. Motivation and Emotion, 38(6), 759-770. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-014-9434-1
Custers, R., & Capa, R. L. (2014). Conscious and unconscious influences of money: Two sides of the same coin? In E. Bijleveld, & H. Aarts (Eds.), The psychological science of money (pp. 73-92). Springer.
Zedelius, C., Veling, H., Custers, R., Bijleveld, E., Chiew, K. S., & Aarts, H. (2014). A new perspective on human reward research: How consciously and unconsciously perceived reward information influences performance. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 14(2), 493-508. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-013-0241-z
Marien, H., Aarts, H., & Custers, R. (2014). Reward-driven modulation of adaptive control: How prospective monetary gains interact with unpredictable control demands. Motivation and Emotion, 38(6), 771-778. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-014-9439-9
Bijleveld, E., Custers, R., Van der Stigchel, S., Aarts, H., Pas, P., & Vink, M. (2014). Distinct neural responses to conscious versus unconscious monetary reward cues. Human Brain Mapping, 35(11), 5578-5586. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22571

Professional publications

Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2014). Conscious and unconscious goal pursuit: Similar functions, different processes? In J. W. Sherman, B. Gawronski, & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual Process theories of the social mind (pp. 386-399). Guilford Press.

2013

Scholarly publications

Marien, H., Aarts, H., & Custers, R. (2013). Adaptive control of human action: The role of outcome representations and reward signals. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 602.
Bekkers, J. E. J., Creemers, L. B., Tsuchida, A. I., van Rijen, M. H. P., Custers, R. J. H., Dhert, W. J. A., & Saris, D. B. F. (2013). One-stage focal cartilage defect treatment with bone marrow mononuclear cells and chondrocytes leads to better macroscopic cartilage regeneration compared to microfracture in goats. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 21(7), 950-956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2013.03.015
Vink, M., Pas, P., Bijleveld, E., Custers, R., & Gladwin, T. E. (2013). Ventral striatum is related to within-subject learning performance. Neuroscience, 10(250), 408-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.034

2012

Scholarly publications

Marien, H., Aarts, H., & Custers, R. (2012). Being flexible or rigid in goal-directed behavior: When positive affect implicitly motivates the pursuit of goals or means. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(1), 277-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.08.013
Bijleveld, E., Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2012). Erratum to Human reward pursuit: From rudimentary to higher-level functions (Current Directions in Psychological Science, (2012), 21 (194-199)). Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(4), 273. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721412452845
Custers, R., Eitam, B., & Bargh, J. A. (2012). Conscious and Unconscious Processes in Goal Pursuit. In Goal-Directed Behavior (pp. 231-266). Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203869666-14
Bijleveld, E., Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2012). Human reward pursuit: From rudimentary to higher-level functions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21, 194-199.
Aarts, H., Bijleveld, E., Custers, R., Dogge, M., Deelder, M., Schutter, D. J. L. G., & van Haren, N. E. M. (2012). Positive priming and intentional binding: eye-blink rate predicts reward information effects on the sense of agency. Social Neuroscience, 7(1), 105-112. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21936738
Marien, H., Aarts, H., & Custers, R. (2012). Being flexible or rigid in goal-oriented behavior: When positive affect implicitly motivates the pursuit of goals or means. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 227-283.
Marien, H., Custers, R., Hassin, R. R., & Aarts, H. (2012). Unconcious Goal Activation and the Hijacking of the Executive Function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 399-415.
Marien, H., Custers, R., Hassin, R. R., & Aarts, H. (2012). Unconscious goal activation and the hijacking of the executive function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 399-415.
Papies, E. K., Barsalou, L. W., & Custers, R. (2012). Mindful attention prevents mindless impulses. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(3), 291-299. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550611419031
Bijleveld, E., Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2012). Waarom moeilijk doen als het makkelijk kan? Over onbewuste spaarzaamheid. In N. Van de Ven, M. Baas, L. Van Dillen, D. Lakens, A. M. Lokhorst, & M. Strick (Eds.), Jaarboek Sociale Psychologie 2011 ASPO Pers.
Dogge, M., Schaap, M., Custers, R., Wegner, D. M., & Aarts, H. (2012). When Moving Without Volition: Implied Self-Causation Enhances Binding Strength between Involuntary Actions and Effects. Consciousness and Cognition, 21, 501-506.
Bijleveld, E., Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2012). Adaptive reward pursuit? How effort requirements modulate unconscious reward responses and conscious reward decisions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141, 728-742.
Aarts, H., & Custers, R. (2012). Unconscious goal pursuit: Nonconscious goal regulation and motivation. In R. Ryan (Ed.), Oxford Handbook of Motivation (pp. 232-247). Oxford University Press.

2011

Scholarly publications

Snijder, M., Neroni, J., Tol, P., Naaktgeboren, E. J., Custers, R., & Van den Bos, K. (2011). De Guus Geluk in onszelf: Het subliminaal aanbieden van een klavertje vier leidt tot meer gevoelens van controle. In Jaarboek Sociale Psychologie 2010 (pp. 427-434)
Veltkamp, M., Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2011). Subliminal Conditioning in the Absence of Basic Needs: Striking Even When the Iron is Cold. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 21, 49-56.
Bijleveld, E., Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2011). Once the Money is In Sight: Distinctive Effects of Conscious Rewards on Task Performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 865-869.
Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2011). Learning of predictive relations between events depends on attention, not on awareness. Consciousness and Cognition, 20, 368-378.
Custers, R. (2011). Disentangling attention and awareness: The case of predictive learning. Consciousness and Cognition, 20, 382-383.
Bijleveld, E., Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2011). When Favourites Fail: Tournament Trophies as Reward Cues in Tennis Finals. Journal of Sport Sciences, 29, 1463-1470.

2010

Scholarly publications

Bijleveld, E., Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2010). Wanneer het bewustzijn op eieren loopt. In J. W. Van Prooijen, R. J. Renes, B. Derks, M. Stel, & M. Vliek (Eds.), Jaarboek Sociale Psychologie 2009 (pp. 31-38). ASPO Pers.
Marien, H., Aarts, H., & Custers, R. (2010). Motivatie op hoog of laag niveau: Hoe positief affect flexibiliteit beïnvloedt. In J. W. Prooijen, R. J. Renes, B. Derks, M. Stel, & M. Vliek (Eds.), Jaarboek Sociale Psychologie 2009 (pp. 253-260). ASPO Pers.
Bijleveld, E., Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2010). Unconscious reward cues increase invested effort, but do not change speed-accuracy tradeoffs. Cognition, 115, 330-335.
Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2010). The unconscious will: How the pursuit of goals operates outside of conscious awareness. Science, 329, 47-50.

2009

Scholarly publications

Custers, R., Aarts, H., Oikawa, M., & Elliot, A. (2009). The nonconscious road to perceptions of performance: Achievement priming augments outcome expectancies and experienced self-agency. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 1200-1208.
Aarts, H., Custers, R., & Marien, H. (2009). Priming and authorship ascription: When nonconscious goals turn into conscious experiences of self-agency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 967-979.
Bijleveld, E., Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2009). Met het oog op subliminale beloningen: Strategische inspanning in de pupil. In R. Custers, B. Beersma, H. van den Berg, F. Harinck, & M. van Zomeren (Eds.), Jaarboek Sociale Psychologie 2008 (pp. 109-115). ASPO Pers.
Custers, R. (2009). How does our unconscious know what we want? The role of affect in goal representations. In G. B. Moskowitz, & H. Grant (Eds.), The psychology of goals (pp. 179-202). Guilford Press.
Hassin, R. R., Aarts, H., Eitam, B., Custers, R., & Kleiman, T. (2009). Non-conscious goal pursuit and the effortful control of behavior. In E. Morsella, J. A. Bargh, & P. M. Gollwitzer (Eds.), Oxford handbook of human action (pp. 549-566). Oxford University Press.
Custers, R., & Veling, H. P. (2009). Memory: Procedural memory, skill, perceptual-motor learning and awareness. In W. P. Banks (Ed.), Encyclopedia of consciousness (pp. 13-18). (1). Elsevier.
Veltkamp, M., Aarts, H., & Custers, R. (2009). Unravelling the motivational yarn: A framework for understanding the instigation of implicitly motivated behaviour resulting from deprivation and positive affect. European Review of Social Psychology, 20, 345-381.
Aarts, H., & Custers, R. (2009). Habit, action, and consciousness. In W. P. Banks (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Consciousness (pp. 315-328). (1). Elsevier.
Custers, R., Beersma, B., van den Berg, H., Harinck, F., & van Zomeren, M. (2009). Jaarboek Sociale Psychologie 2008. ASPO Pers.
Bijleveld, E., Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2009). The unconscious eye opener: pupil dilation reveals strategic recruitment of resources upon presentation of subliminal reward cues. Psychological Science, 20, 1313-1315.

2008

Scholarly publications

Veltkamp, M., Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2008). Doelgereleteerde objecten worden groter waargenomen wanneer men gemotiveerd is. In J. Karremans, B. Beersma, R. Custers, F. van Harreveld, & W. van Rijswijk (Eds.), Jaarboek Sociale Psychologie 2007 (pp. 375-383). ASPO Pers.
Karremans, J. C. T. M., Beersma, B., Custers, R., van Harreveld, F., & van Rijkswijk, W. (2008). Jaarboek Sociale Psychologie 2007. ASPO Pers.
Veltkamp, M., Aarts, H., & Custers, R. (2008). On the emergence of deprivation-reducing behaviors: Subliminal priming of behavior representations turns deprivation into motivation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 866-873.
Aarts, H., Custers, R., & Marien, H. (2008). Preparing and motivating behavior outside of awareness. Science, 319, 1639-1639.
Aarts, H., Custers, R., & Veltkamp, M. (2008). Goal priming and the affective-motivational route to nonconscious goal pursuit. Social Cognition, 26, 555-577.
Custers, R., Maas, M., Wildenbeest, M., & Aarts, H. (2008). Nonconcious goal pursuit and the surmounting of physical and social obstacles. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 1013-1022. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.484
https://research-portal.uu.nl/ws/files/235615869/Euro_J_Social_Psych_-_2008_-_Custers_-_Nonconscious_goal_pursuit_and_the_surmounting_of_physical_and_social_obstacles.pdf
Veltkamp, M., Aarts, H., & Custers, R. (2008). Perception in the service of goal pursuit: Motivation to attain goals enhances the perceived size of goal-instrumental objects. Social Cognition, 26, 720-736.

2007

Scholarly publications

Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2007). Goal-discrepant situations prime goal-directed actions if goals are temporarily or chronically accessible. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 623-633.
Aarts, H., Custers, R., & Holland, R. W. (2007). The nonconscious cessation of goal pursuit: When goals and negative affect are coactivated. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(2), 165-178.
Aarts, H., Custers, R., & Holland, R. (2007). On the Cessation of Nonconcious goal pursuit: When goals and negative affect are co-activated. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 165-178.
Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2007). In search of the nonconscious sources of goal pursuit: Accessibility and positive affective valence of the goal state. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 312-318.

2006

Scholarly publications

Custers, R. (2006). On the underlying mechanisms of nonconscious goal pursuit. [Doctoral thesis 1 (Research UU / Graduation UU), Utrecht University].

2005

Scholarly publications

Sheeran, P., Aarts, H., Custers, R., Webb, T. L., Cooke, A. J., & Rivis, A. J. (2005). The goal-dependent automaticity of drinking habits. British Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 47-63.
Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2005). Positive affect as implicit motivator: On the nonconscious operation of behavioral goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 129-142.
Aarts, H., Custers, R., & Wegner, D. M. (2005). On the inference of personal authorship: Enhancing experienced agency by priming effect information. Consciousness and Cognition, 14, 439-458.
Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2005). Beyond priming effects: The role of positive affect and discrepancies in implicit processes of motivation and goal pursuit. In M. Hewstone, & W. Stroebe (Eds.), European review of social psychology (pp. 257-300). (Vol. 16). Psychology Press/Taylor & Francis (UK).
Aarts, H., Chartrand, T. L., Custers, R., Danner, U. N., Dik, G., Jefferis, V. E., & Cheng, C. M. (2005). Social stereotypes and automatic goal pursuit. Social Cognition, 23, 464-489.

2004

Scholarly publications

Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2004). Als je haar maar goed zit: Automatische activatie van temporele en chronische doelen in doel-relevante studies. In D. Wigboldus, E. S. Kluwer, M. Dechesne, & E. Gordijn (Eds.), Jaarboek Nederlandse Sociale Psychologie 2003 (pp. 29-40). ASPO Pers.

2003

Scholarly publications

Aarts, H., Dijksterhuis, A., & Custers, R. (2003). Automatic normative behavior in environments: The moderating role of conformity in activating situational norms. Social Cognition, 21, 447-464.
Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2003). On the role of processing goals in avaluative judgements of environments: Effects on memory-judgement relations. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23, 289-299.
Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2003). Automatische adoptie van gedragsdoelen: Wanneer gedragstoestanden gekoppeld zijn aan een positief affect. In E. van Dijk, E. S. Kluwer, & D. H. I. Wigboldus (Eds.), Jaarboek Sociale Psychologie 2002 (pp. 57-68). Eburon.

2001

Scholarly publications

Custers, R., Aarts, H., & Timmermans, H. (2001). Evaluaties van de gebouwde omgeving: Het effect van impressieformatiedoelen op de relatie tussen geheugen en oordeel. In J. F. Ybema, H. Aarts, W. Elving, & M. Hagedoorn (Eds.), Toegepaste Sociale Psychologie (pp. 9-21). Eburon.
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