Dr. Tobias Stark

Dr. Tobias Stark

Universitair hoofddocent
Interdisciplinaire Sociale Wetenschap
030 253 5559
t.h.stark@uu.nl

Een volledige publicatielijst is te vinden op: www.tobiasstark.nl

Publicaties

2025

Wetenschappelijke publicaties

Stark, T. H., Nijs, T., & Köbrich, J. (2025). Additive and multiplicative effects of different forms of positive and negative indirect intergroup contact in predicting intergroup attitudes. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 104, Article 102110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2024.102110
https://research-portal.uu.nl/ws/files/247937459/1-s2.0-S0147176724001792-main.pdf
Wuestenenk, N., Nijs, T., Stark, T. H., van Tubergen, F., & Ellemers, N. (2025). The interplay of misperceptions and willingness to share opinions in full classroom networks: The case of opinions towards homosexuality. Social Networks, 80, 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2024.08.003
https://research-portal.uu.nl/ws/files/243022328/1-s2.0-S0378873324000467-main.pdf

2024

Wetenschappelijke publicaties

Köbrich, J., Stark, T. H., Martinović, B., & Adiakpo, Y. S. (2024). Overcoming barriers to interreligious peace: Determinants of preferences for religiously similar others in Togo and Sierra Leone. Political Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.13062
Beek, G. J., Bronkhorst, L. H., Stark, T. H., & Akkerman, S. F. (2024). My Interests Are (Y)ours? A Multilevel Social Network Analysis of the Co-Evolution of Adolescents’ Interests and Friendships. Education Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14121388
Schlette, A., Stark, T. H., Smeekes, A., & Lubbers, M. (2024). Understanding causes of adolescents' ascriptions of peers' dual ethnic and national belonging. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 34(5), Article e2889. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2889
https://research-portal.uu.nl/ws/files/239619159/Community_Applied_Soc_Psy_-_2024_-_Schlette_-_Understanding_causes_of_adolescents_ascriptions_of_peers_dual_ethnic_and.pdf
Dangubić, M., Verkuyten, M., & Stark, T. H. (2024). Critical Inclusiveness: Prejudice, principles, and the social acceptance of Muslim minorities. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 103, Article 102046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2024.102046
Wuestenenk, N., van Tubergen, F., Stark, T., & Ellemers, N. (2024). How Do Personal Opinions Relate to Online Expressions? An Experimental Study Among Muslim Minority Groups in The Netherlands. Communication Research. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/00936502241259919
Koebrich, J., Martinovic, B., & Stark, T. H. (2024). Interreligious Contact and Attitudes in Togo and Sierra Leone: The Role of Ingroup Norms and Individual Preferences. Peace and Conflict, 30(3), 400-412. https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000702
https://research-portal.uu.nl/ws/files/243687251/Interreligious_Contact_and_Attitudes_in_Togo_and_Sierra_Leone_The_Role_of_Ingroup_Norms_and_Individual_Preferences.pdf

2023

Wetenschappelijke publicaties

Wang, W., Stark, T., Westaby, J. D., Parr, A. K., & Newman, D. A. (2023). Social network analysis in psychology: Recent breakthroughs in methods and theories. In APA handbook of research methods in psychology: Data analysis and research publication (2nd ed., Vol. 3, pp. 501-537). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000320-023
Wuestenenk, N., van Tubergen, F., & Stark, T. H. (2023). The influence of group membership on online expressions and polarization on a discussion platform: An experimental study. New Media and Society. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448231172966

2022

Wetenschappelijke publicaties

Stark, T., & Seibel, V. (2022). Interethnic relationships in social networks and their effect on resilience of ethnically diverse societies. In E. Lazega, T. A. B. Snijders, & R. P. M. Wittek (Eds.), Research Agenda for Social Networks and Social Resilience (pp. 59-72). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781803925783.00010
https://research-portal.uu.nl/ws/files/229185383/9781803925783-book-part-9781803925783-10.pdf
Stark, T. H., van Maaren, F. M., Krosnick, J. A., & Sood, G. (2022). The Impact of Social Desirability Pressures on Whites’ Endorsement of Racial Stereotypes: A Comparison Between Oral and ACASI Reports in a National Survey. Sociological Methods and Research, 51(2), 605-631. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124119875959
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/425400/0049124119875959.pdf?sequence=1
Silber, H., Tvinnereim, E., Stark, T. H., Blom, A. G., Krosnick, J. A., Bosnjak, M., Clement, S. L., Cornilleau, A., Cousteaux, A.-S., John, M., Jonsdottir, G. A., Lawson, K., Lynn, P., Martinsson, J., Shamshiri-Petersen, D., & Tu, S.-H. (2022). Lack of Replication or Generalization? Cultural Values Explain a Question Wording Effect. Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology, 10(5), 1121-1147. https://doi.org/10.1093/jssam/smab007
https://research-portal.uu.nl/ws/files/233279086/smab007.pdf
Li, G. M., Pasek, J., Krosnick, J. A., Stark, T. H., Agiesta, J., Sood, G., Tompson, T., & Gross, W. (2022). Americans’ Attitudes toward the Affordable Care Act: What Role Do Beliefs Play? Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 700(1), 41-54. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162221098020
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/425071/00027162221098020.pdf?sequence=1
Wuestenenk, N., van Tubergen, F., & Stark, T. H. (2022). Attitudes towards homosexuality among ethnic majority and minority adolescents in Western Europe: The role of ethnic classroom composition. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 88, 133-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2022.04.001
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/424291/1_s2.0_S014717672200044X_main.pdf?sequence=1
Stark, T. H., & Stocke, V. (2022). Reprint of: Predicting data quality of proxy reports in egocentric network studies. Social Networks, 69, 251-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2022.01.007
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/425176/1_s2.0_S0378873322000077_main.pdf?sequence=1
Stark, T., & Seibel, V. (2022). Social networks in ethnic relations: New perspectives on integration research. In A. Smeekes, & J. Thijs (Eds.), Migration and Ethnic Relations: Current Directions for Theory and Research: Liber Amicorum for Maykel Verkuyten (pp. 73-90).
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/422944/stark_seibel.pdf?sequence=1
Smeekes, A. (Ed.), Thijs, J. (Ed.), Smeekes, A., Thijs, J., Bilgili, Ö., Peters, F., van der Linden, M., Gijsberts, M., Maliepaard, M., Fleischmann, F., Stark, T., Seibel, V., Martinovic, B., Lubbers, M., Poppe, E., Andriessen, I., Di Stasio, V., Yogeeswaran, K., & Adelman, L. (2022). Migration and Ethnic Relations: Current directions for theory and research: Liber Amicorum for Maykel Verkuyten.
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/422947/Smeekes_Thijs_Eds._Migration_and_Ethnic_Relations._Liber_Amicorum_for_Maykel_Verkuyten.pdf?sequence=1
Beuthner, C., Silber, H., & Stark, T. H. (2022). Effects of smartphone use and recall aids on network name generator questions. Social Networks, 69, 45-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2020.06.006
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/422823/1_s2.0_S0378873320300447_main.pdf?sequence=1

Vakpublicaties

Stark, T. (2022). Adopting a peer-led approach to disseminate anti-corruption messages: Results of the network survey. Basel Institute on Governance. https://baselgovernance.org/publications/adopting-peer-led-approach-disseminate-anti-corruption-messages-results-network-survey
Baez Camargo, C., Gadenne, V., Mkoji, V., Perera, D., Persian, R., Sambaiga, R., & Stark, T. (2022). Using behavioural insights to reduce gift-giving in a Tanzanian public hospital: Findings from a mixed-methods evaluation. Basel Institute on Governance. https://baselgovernance.org/publications/TZ-giftgiving

2021

Wetenschappelijke publicaties

Damen, R. E. C., & Stark, T. H. (2021). Personality and interethnic relationships: How the big-five personality traits affect friendly and unfriendly interethnic relationships among secondary school students. In T. Altmann (Ed.), Friendship in Cultural and Personality Psychology: International Perspectives (pp. 409-429). Nova Science.
Stark, T. H., & Stocké, V. (2021). Predicting data quality of proxy reports in egocentric network studies. Social Networks, 66, 38-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2021.01.007
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/415700/1_s2.0_S0378873321000150_main.pdf?sequence=1
Damen, R. E. C., Martinović, B., & Stark, T. H. (2021). Explaining the relationship between socio-economic status and interethnic friendships: The mediating role of preferences, opportunities, and third parties. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 80, 40-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2020.11.005
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/407463/1_s2.0_S0147176720302078_main.pdf?sequence=1
Dangubić, M., Verkuyten, M., & Stark, T. H. (2021). Understanding (in)tolerance of Muslim minority practices: a latent profile analysis. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 47(7), 1517-1538. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1808450
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/407461/Understanding_in_tolerance_of_Muslim_minority_practices_a_latent_profile_analysis.pdf?sequence=1

2020

Wetenschappelijke publicaties

Stark, T. H. (2020). Effects of a Discussion-Training Intervention on Interethnic Attitudes and Social Integration in School Classes. Paper presented at International Society for Political Psychology (ISPP) 2020, Berlin, Germany.
Stark, T. H., Rambaran, J. A., & McFarland, D. A. (2020). The Meeting of Minds: Forging Social and Intellectual Networks within Universities. Sociological Science, 7, 433-464. Article a18. https://doi.org/10.15195/v7.a18
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/407464/SocSci_v7_433to464.pdf?sequence=1
Stark, T. H., Silber, H., Krosnick, J. A., Blom, A. G., Aoyagi, M., Belchior, A., Bosnjak, M., Clement, S. L., John, M., Jónsdóttir, G. A., Lawson, K., Lynn, P., Martinsson, J., Shamshiri-Petersen, D., Tvinnereim, E., & Yu, R. R. (2020). Generalization of Classic Question Order Effects Across Cultures. Sociological Methods and Research, 49(3), 567-602. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124117747304
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/407462/0049124117747304.pdf?sequence=1
Stark, T. H. (2020). Indirect contact in social networks: Challenging common interpretations of the extended contact hypothesis. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 23(3), 441-461. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430219846337
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/407460/1368430219846337.pdf?sequence=1
Zingora, T., Stark, T. H., & Flache, A. (2020). Who is most influential? Adolescents' intergroup attitudes and peer influence within a social network. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 23(5), 684–709. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430219869460
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/407459/1368430219869460.pdf?sequence=1

Populariserende publicaties

de Jong, S., Stark, T. H., Di Stasio, V., & Verkuijten, M. (2020). Corona in de ban? Zeg het elkaar dan! Sociale netwerken bevorderen het naleven van de coronamaatregelen. Universiteit Utrecht.

2019

Wetenschappelijke publicaties

Leszczensky, L., & Stark, T. H. (2019). Understanding the causes and consequences of segregation in youth’s friendship networks: Opportunities and challenges for research. In P. F. Titzmann, & P. Jugert (Eds.), Youth in Superdiverse Societies: Growing up with globalization, diversity, and acculturation (1 ed., pp. 233-248). (Studies in Adolescent Development). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351040266-18
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/390661/10.4324_9781351040266_15.pdf?sequence=1
Nijs, T., Stark, T. H., & Verkuyten, M. (2019). Negative intergroup contact and radical right-wing voting: The moderating roles of personal and collective self-efficacy. Political Psychology, 40(5), 1057-1073. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12577
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/387150/Negative.pdf?sequence=1

2018

Wetenschappelijke publicaties

Silber, H., Stark, T. H., Blom, A. G., & Krosnick, J. A. (2018). Implementing a Multinational Study of Questionnaire Design. In T. P. Johnson, BE. Pennell, I. A. L. Stoop, & B. Dorer (Eds.), Advances in Comparative Survey Methods: Multinational, Multiregional, and Multicultural Contexts (3MC) (pp. 161-179 ). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118884997.ch8
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/407472/9781118884997.ch8.pdf?sequence=1
Stark, T. H. (2018). Collecting Social Network Data. In D. L. Vannette, & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Survey Research (1 ed., pp. 241-254 ). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54395-6_31
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/407471/Stark2018_Chapter_CollectingSocialNetworkData.pdf?sequence=1
Leszczensky, L., Flache, A., Stark, T. H., & Munniksma, A. (2018). The relation between ethnic classroom composition and adolescents’ ethnic pride. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 21(7), 997-1013. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430217691363
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/373693/leszczensky.pdf?sequence=1

Vakpublicaties

Stark, T. H. (2018). Effectevaluatie van Discussiëren Kun Je Leren (DKJL).
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/373791/stark.pdf?sequence=1
Jordans, G., & Stark, T. H. (2018). Effectevaluatie Welkom in Mijn Wijk (WIMW).
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/373790/jordans.pdf?sequence=1

Populariserende publicaties

Stark, T. H. (2018). Een speelplek als ontmoetingsplek. In 95 jaar Plaswijckpark

2017

Wetenschappelijke publicaties

Stark, T. H., Leszczensky, L., & Pink, S. (2017). Are there differences in ethnic majority and minority adolescents' friendships preferences and social influence with regard to their academic achievement? Zeitschrift fur Erziehungswissenschaft, 20(3), 475-498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11618-017-0766-y
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/356700/differences.pdf?sequence=1
Stark, T. H., & Krosnick, J. A. (2017). GENSI: A new graphical tool to collect ego-centered network data. Social Networks, 48, 36-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2016.07.007
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/407379/1_s2.0_S0378873316300284_main.pdf?sequence=1
Munniksma, A., Scheepers, P., Stark, T. H., & Tolsma, J. (2017). The Impact of Adolescents' Classroom and Neighborhood Ethnic Diversity on Same- and Cross-Ethnic Friendships Within Classrooms. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 27(1), 20-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12248
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/348398/Munniksma.pdf?sequence=1

Overige resultaten

Stark, T. H. (2017). Generalization of Classic Question Order Effects across Cultures: The norm of evenhandedness. Paper presented at AAPOR 72th Annual Conference, New Orleans (LA), United States.
Stark, T. H. (2017). Generalization of Classic Question Order Effects across Cultures.
Stark, T. H. (2017). Effects of a discussion-training intervention on culturally diverse students’ intercultural competences.
Stark, T. H. (2017). A Social Network Approach to Understanding the Extended Contact Hypothesis. Paper presented at EASP European Association of Social Psychology, Granada, Spain.

2016

Wetenschappelijke publicaties

Krosnick, J. A., Stark, T. H., & Chiang, I.-C. A. (2016). The Two Core Goals of Political Psychology. In J. A. Krosnick, I.-C. A. Chiang, & T. H. Stark (Eds.), Political Psychology: New Explorations (1 ed.). (Frontiers of Social Psychology). Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315445687-8
Krosnick, J. A., Chiang, I.-C. A., & Stark, T. H. (Eds.) (2016). Political Psychology: New Explorations. (Frontiers of Social Psychology). Psychology Press.
Stark, T. H. (2016). The density of social networks moderates effects of intergroup contact. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 55, 133-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2016.10.004
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/407378/1_s2.0_S014717671630044X_main.pdf?sequence=1
Leszczensky, L., Stark, T. H., Flache, A., & Munniksma, A. (2016). Disentangling the relation between young immigrants' host country identification and their friendships with natives. Social Networks, 44, 179-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2015.08.001
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/329454/Disentangling.pdf?sequence=1

Overige resultaten

Stark, T. H., & Krosnick, J. A. (2016). Graphical Ego-centered Network Survey Interface. Software http://www.tobiasstark.nl/GENSI
Stark, T. H., Leszczensky, L., Flache, A., & Munniksma, A. (2016). The relation between ethnic classroom composition and adolescents’ ethnic pride. Paper presented at Cultural diversity, migration, and education, Potsdam, Germany.
Stark, T. H., & Coenders, M. T. A. (2016). A Social Network Approach to Understanding the Extended Contact Hypothesis. Paper presented at Dag van de sociologie , Tilburg, Netherlands.
Stark, T. H., Leszczensky, L., Flache, A., & Munniksma, A. (2016). Wie hängt die Identifikation mit der Aufnahmekultur unter Jugendlichen mit Migrationshintergrund mit dem Entstehen von interethnischen Freundschaften zusammen?. Paper presented at Jahreskonferenz der Gesellschaft für Empirische Bildungsforschung, Berlin, Germany.

2015

Wetenschappelijke publicaties

Sangster, S. L., Bayly, M. K., Lawson, K. L., Krosnick, J. A., Silber, H., Stark, T., & Blom, A. (2015). A national survey of Canadians attitudes towards midwifery. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 33(3), E30-E31.
Bloom, A. G., Burton, J., Krosnick, J. A., Lynn, P., Jäckle, A., Oberski, D., Silber, H., & Stark, T. H. (2015). Understanding Society Innovation Panel Wave 7: Results from Methodological Experiments. (Understanding Society Working Paper Series; Vol. 2015-3). Understanding Society.
Pasek, J., Stark, T. H., Krosnick, J. A., & Tompson, T. (2015). What motivates a conspiracy theory? Birther beliefs, partisanship, liberal-conservative ideology, and anti-Black attitudes. Electoral Studies, 40, 482–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2014.09.009
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/329366/motivates.pdf?sequence=1
Stark, T. H. (2015). Understanding the Selection Bias: Social Network Processes and the Effect of Prejudice on the Avoidance of Outgroup Friends. Social Psychology Quarterly, 78(2), 127-150. https://doi.org/10.1177/0190272514565252
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/321048/127.full.pdf?sequence=1
Munniksma, A., Verkuijten, M., Flache, A., Stark, T. H., & Veenstra, R. (2015). Friendships and outgroup attitudes among ethnic minority youth: The mediating role of ethnic and host society identification. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 44, 88-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2014.12.002
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/321031/Friendships.pdf?sequence=1
Stark, T. H., Mäs, M., & Flache, A. (2015). Liking and disliking minority-group classmates: Explaining the mixed findings for the influence of ethnic classroom composition on interethnic attitudes. Social Science Research, 50, 164-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.11.008
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/318815/4X_main.pdf?sequence=1

Vakpublicaties

Stark, T. H. (2015). Gemengde scholen, goed voor integratie? Didactief. https://didactiefonline.nl/artikel/gemengde-scholen-goed-voor-integratie

Overige resultaten

Stark, T. H., & Krosnick, J. A. (2015). A new survey tool for ego-centered networks. Abstract from AAPOR 70th Annual Conference, Hollywood, United States.
Stark, T. H., & Krosnick, J. A. (2015). A new survey tool for ego-centered networks. Abstract from Sunbelt Social Networks Conference, Brighton, United Kingdom.
Stark, T. H., Biancani, S., & McFarland, D. A. (2015). A Meeting of Minds: How Intellectual Integration Drives Social Integration. Abstract from Sunbelt Social Networks Conference, Brighton, United Kingdom.
Stark, T. H., & Krosnick, J. A. (2015). GENSI: A new survey tool. Abstract from ESRA , Reykjavik, Iceland.

2014

Wetenschappelijke publicaties

Pasek, J., Stark, T., Krosnick, J. A., Tompson, T., & Payne, B. K. (2014). Attitudes toward blacks in the Obama era changing distributions and impacts on job approval and electoral choice, 2008-2012. Public Opinion Quarterly, 78(S1), 276-302. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfu012
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/302581/276.full.pdf?sequence=1

2013

Wetenschappelijke publicaties

Tolsma, J., van Deurzen, I., Stark, T. H., & Veenstra, R. (2013). Who is bullying whom in ethnically diverse primary schools? Exploring links between bullying, ethnicity, and ethnic diversity in Dutch primary schools. Social Networks, 35(1), 51-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2012.12.002
Stark, T. H., Flache, A., & Veenstra, R. (2013). Generalization of Positive and Negative Attitudes Toward Individuals to Outgroup Attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(5), 608-622. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213480890
Rambaran, A. J., Dijkstra, J. K., & Stark, T. H. (2013). Status-Based Influence Processes: The Role of Norm Salience in Contagion of Adolescent Risk Attitudes. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 23(3), 574-585. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12032
Munniksma, A., Stark, T. H., Verkuyten, M., Flache, A., & Veenstra, R. (2013). Extended intergroup friendships within social settings: The moderating role of initial outgroup attitudes. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 16(6), 752-770. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430213486207
https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/407069/1368430213486207.pdf?sequence=1

2012

Wetenschappelijke publicaties

Stark, T. H., & Flache, A. (2012). The Double Edge of Common Interest: Ethnic Segregation as an Unintended Byproduct of Opinion Homophily. Sociology of Education, 85(2), 179-199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038040711427314

2011

Wetenschappelijke publicaties

Stark, T. (2011). Integration in Schools. A Process Perspective on Students’ Interethnic Attitudes and Interpersonal Relationships. Ridderprint.

2007

Wetenschappelijke publicaties

Stocke, V., & Stark, T. (2007). Political involvement and memory failure as interdependent determinants of vote overreporting. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 21(2), 239-257. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1339