PhD defence: Smallholders’ experiences with inclusive agribusiness models in Mozambique From Inclusion to Embedded Autonomy

Inclusive agribusiness models have gained popularity as a solution to poverty and food insecurity, particularly among smallholders in Africa. These models aim to integrate low-income groups into value chains while maintaining business viability. However, debates continue over their effectiveness. Proponents argue that these models can reduce risks for smallholders and foster inclusiveness, improving asset ownership, decision-making, and income. Critics, however, contend that they may not adequately address poverty, leaving smallholders trapped in cycles of low-intensity farming and inequality.

This dissertation focuses on how inclusive production models can improve smallholder livelihoods over time, exploring the tension between smallholder autonomy and embeddedness in agribusinesses. Using the concept of "embedded autonomy" from development studies, the research assesses how smallholders' interests align with agribusiness goals. Through case studies in Mozambique’s sugarcane and soybean sectors, the study investigates the challenges, benefits, and dynamics of inclusion.

The findings suggest that while inclusive models are promising, they often overlook broader social and environmental outcomes, risking smallholder’s ability trace life pathways they desire. For inclusion to be successful, it must balance economic integration with the diverse needs and aspirations of smallholders, ensuring freedom and support for their development paths. The study emphasizes the need for holistic approaches and further research to design inclusive models that lead to long-term improvements for smallholders.